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  • Glossary of Commonly Used Terms

    This glossary is provided to help clarify some of the terms, abbreviations, acronyms and jargon used on BenzoBuddies.  It is not intended to provide a complete medical or technical description.   If you believe a term should be added to this glossary please post on Contact the Team.

    Key:

    ab - abbreviation or acronym
    j - jargon used on BenzoBuddies
    tech - a scientific or technical definition
    ws - a common withdrawal symptom
    cs - a coping strategy.

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    • Acute / Acute Withdrawal - A period of time following a significant decrease in dosage in which symptoms are often the most intense. There is no definitive timeline for the acute phase for benzo withdrawal. It is generally considered to last for about a month up to several months, but will vary from individual to individual. (tech)
    • Adrenal Fatigue - A lay term used by alternative health practitioners to explain fatigue and other symptoms.  Not currently recognized as a medical diagnosis. Based on the theory that one’s adrenal glands are exhausted by exposure to chronic stress and unable to produce adequate quantities of hormones. (j)
    • Adrenaline surges - adrenaline is a stress hormone (like cortisol).  An adrenaline rush or surge feels like anxiousness surging through your body & elevating your heartbeat. (ws)
    • Agitation - A feeling of inner restlessness in which it can seem very difficult to relax or calm down. Agitation is usually a normal response to specific situations but withdrawal is also a leading cause.  A person in withdrawal may be very fatigued and still feel agitated. (ws, tech)
    • Agonist - A chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. (tech)
    • Agoraphobia - Characterized by fear and avoidance of leaving one’s familiar environment and anxiety in situations where the person feels the environment is unsafe. These situations can include open spaces, crowded places, or simply being outside the home. In severe cases people may become unable to leave their homes. (ws, tech)
    • Air Hunger - A feeling that one is not getting enough air while breathing. Individuals experiencing air hunger may feel short of breath and unable to take a full breath. A common withdrawal symptom. Also known as dyspnea.  A person may feel chest tightness and feel they need to work to get a good breath. (ws)
    • Akathisia - A common withdrawal symptom characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness, a compelling need to be in constant motion and an intense bodily feeling of agitation. (ws, tech)
    • Anhedonia - A common symptom of depression which may be experienced during benzo withdrawal. Anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure or joy,  One may feel numb and lose interest in things they formerly enjoyed. (ws, tech)
    • Antagonist - A chemical that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to a receptor and inhibiting rather than provoking the response like an agonist.(tech)
    • Anxiety - A feeling of worry, fear, dread, panic, and uneasiness.  Physical symptoms can include increased heart rate, sweating, trembling and a feeling of restlessness.  Anxiety may arise in response in anticipation of an upcoming stressful event or when coping with a worrisome problem. During benzodiazepine withdrawal anxiety is a common symptom for many individuals including those who have never experienced significant anxiety previously. Individuals with a pre-existing history of anxiety may experience worsened anxiety during withdrawal but this is likely to be temporary. (ws, tech)
    • Ashton Manual - A book written by Dr. Heather Ashton, a psychopharmacologist and physician best known for her groundbreaking clinical and research work in the area of benzodiazepine dependency and withdrawal.

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    • Benzo - Benzodiazepine (j)
    • Benzo Brain - Refers to commonly occurring withdrawal symptoms such as confusion, memory issues, and slowed thought processes. Sometimes referred to as fuzzy or foggy brain or cognitive fog.  (ws, j)
    • Benzo-Belly - A variety of gastrointestinal symptoms experienced during withdrawal. Symptoms may include bloating, cramping, gas, indigestion, nausea, acid reflux, weight loss, weight gain. (ws, j)
    • Benzo Flu - Experienced by some individuals during benzo withdrawal, a collection of symptoms which feel similar to flu:  Body aches, chills, muscle pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, digestive issues.and a foggy brain and other symptoms. (ws, j)
    • *B.I.N.D. Benzodiazepine induced neurological dysfunction - defines the lingering neurological effects of sustained benzodiazepine exposure. BIND is a constellation of functionally limiting neurologic symptoms (both physical and psychological) that are the consequence of neuroadaptation and/or neurotoxicity to benzodiazepine exposure. These symptoms may begin while taking or tapering benzodiazepines, and can persist for weeks, months, or even years after discontinuation. (tech)
    • Black box warnings - the highest safety-related warnings mandated by the Food & Drug Administration(FDA) to be included . These warnings include serious side effects and risks of a drug. (tech)
    • BP - Blood pressure. (ab)
    • Brain Zaps - a sensation that feels like a series of electrical shocks inside your head. (ws, j)
    • Broken Sleep - Refers to sleep that is interrupted several times over the course of a night by periods of wakefulness. Sleep issues are very common during withdrawal - especially for people who took benzos for insomnia. (ws)
    • BWD - benzodiazepine withdrawal.  (ab)

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    • Chronic - Continuing/ persisting for a long period of time. (tech)
    • CNS - Central Nervous System (j)
    • Cog Fog - Cognitive fog - Confusion, difficulty concentrating, memory issues that may accompany benzodiazepine use and/or withdrawal.  (ws, j)
    • Cold Sensitivity - Cold objects such as an ice cube or a glass or cold water may feel especially (painfully) cold to the touch during withdrawal/recovery. (ws)
    • Cold Turkey - The abrupt and complete cessation of taking a medication. (j)
    • Coping strategies & techniques - Ways to make it easier to cope with withdrawal symptoms and learning new ways to manage one's response to stress without using medication.  Examples include:  Distraction, Deep breathing, Relaxation, Mindfulness, Acceptance, Yoga, Meditation, Self-care, Self compassion, Exercise.
    • Cortisol - A steroid hormone (like adrenaline) usually produced in response to stress.  (tech)
    • Cortisol surges or rushes -  Cortisol levels rise when you sense danger.  This leads to a fight, flight or freeze response. In withdrawal you may experience this repeatedly even when there is no actual threat. (ws)
    • Crossover - Switching from one benzo to another. Example: switching from a short acting benzo such as Xanax to a longer acting benzo such as Valium. (j)
    • Cut - Decrease in dose. (j)
    • Cut and hold - A method of tapering in which small periodic decreases are made to your dose followed by a period of no change (holding) in your dose. Hold times are usually a minimum two weeks. (j)

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    • DLMT - Daily Liquid Micro Taper (or Daily Micro Liquid Taper,  - DMLT) A tapering model in which medications in liquid form are used and very small reductions are made on a regular (often daily) basis. Please refer to Tapering Methods.  (tech, ab)
    • Dependence - When your body relies on regular doses of a medication in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Dependence is a normal response to prescribed medication that affect the central nervous system (eg. Benzos). Physical dependence is not the same thing as addiction; a patient may be physically dependent on a drug without having an addiction to the drug. In contrast, drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations) (tech)  [FDA/BIC/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)]
    • Depersonalization -  Feeling as though you are a detached observer of your mind and body. Feeling detached from yourself, that you're observing yourself from outside your body. Feeling like you’re a stranger in your own body. (ws, tech)
    • Depression -  A common withdrawal symptom, depression is characterized by a range of symptoms which may include a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite, changes in sleep patterns, low energy level, irritability, feeling of worthlessness, and problems with concentration. Individuals with a pre-existing history of depression may experience worsened depression during withdrawal but this is likely to be temporary. (ws, tech)
    • Derealization - Feeling detached from your surroundings. The sense that your surroundings aren't real.  (ws, tech)
    • Detox (detoxification) - A medical procedure in which one or more of a patient’s medications are rapidly discontinued. Detox usually occurs at a detox or rehab center under some level of medical supervision and often follows protocols developed for the treatment of addiction rather than dependency and therefore may not necessarily be an appropriate approach to helping a person get off benzodiazepines. (tech, j)
    • Distraction - A technique used to cope with withdrawal by thinking less about one's withdrawal symptoms (including ruminating over intrusive thoughts) by deliberately focusing or thinking about something else to keep the mind occupied. Distraction may be coupled with an activity (such as walking, gaming, cooking, working, crafting, etc.). (cs)
    • DP/DR - Depersonalization/Derealization (ws, ab)

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    • Ear worm - A catchy song or tune that runs continually through a person’s mind as though stuck on repeat. (ws, j)
    • Emotional Blunting - (Also, Emotional Numbing) Feeling little emotion or feeling numb. Feeling as though one has lost the capacity for happiness or joy - even at times when one would normally be expected to experience these emotions. (ws, tech)
    • Exponential taper - a tapering method in which you reduce by a certain percentage based on your most recent dosage.  For example, you may choose to make reductions of 10% of your most recent dosage every two weeks.  In an exponential taper the amount of decrease is proportionate to the most recent dose and keeps getting smaller as you get lower in dose.  This is believed to be gentler on the nervous system. As with all tapers, it is important that the individual be attuned to their symptoms, remain flexible and make adjustments to the size of reductions and/or taper rate as needed. (tech)
    • ER - Emergency room at hospital

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    • Fatigue - A feeling of tiredness or lethargy.  (ws, tech)
    • Fight, Flight (or Freeze) Response - The “fight, flight or freeze" response sends a rush of adrenaline, cortisol, and other neurotransmitters through your body to prepare you to fight or flee or remain immobile in reaction to a perceived threat. This process can trigger physical reactions such as trembling, rapid heartbeat, sweating, panic attacks, fatigue, insomnia, mental confusion, nervousness, dizziness, and more. (ws, tech)
    • Floaty / Floating / Floaty, Boaty, Dizzy - Used to describe feeling dizzy & unsteady - as if you’re on a you're on a boat on choppy seas. (ws, j)

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    • GABA - Acronym for gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA is a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) in the central nervous system known to produce a calming effect and for playing a major role in reducing excitability and anxiety.  It is believed to do this by controlling or blocking communication between nerve cells associated with anxiety, stress and fear.(tech, ab) BIC/NIH
    • GABAA / GABAA Receptor - Receptors on nerve cells.  When GABA binds to these receptors it reduces the responsiveness of the nerve cell.  This inhibits or lessens the nerve cell's responsiveness and reduces the ability of the nerve cell to receive or transmit messages to other nerve cells.  The result is reduced stress, anxiety and fear. During benzo withdrawal GABA receptors may be down-regulated meaning there are fewer receptors. Over time receptors are reinstated.  (tech, ab) BIC/NIH
    • GABA supplements - From the Dr. Heather Ashton in the Ashton Manual: “I have always been against supplements which are often just a money-making scam, and most have never been properly tested. Many people take so-called GABA supplements in benzodiazepine withdrawal. This is futile as there is no shortage of GABA in benzo withdrawal: the problem is the down-regulated receptors. I have always advised people withdrawing from benzos not to waste their money on supplements.” (tech)
    • GABAergic or GABAnergic - Pertaining to or affecting the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). A GABAergic or GABAnergic agent is a substance that changes the effects of GABA in the body or brain. (BIC) (tech, ab)
    • Glutamate - The most abundant neurotransmitter in the central nervous system,  important to memory, cognition and mood regulation. NIH (tech)

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    • Half-life - The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in your body to reduce by half.  Short-acting benzodiazepines (eg. Alprazolam, lorazepam) have a shorter half-life. This means that the drugs are processed and leave your body more quickly than long acting benzodiazepines (eg. clonazepam, diazepam). (tech)
    • Health Anxiety - Worry or anxiety about one’s health especially fear of having a serious illness. Health anxiety is a common withdrawal symptom. Individuals may experience this symptom even if they have no prior history of health anxiety. (ws, tech)
    • Head Pressure - Head pressure is a sensation that feels like your head is being squeezed in a vise, a tight hat or overly tight head band. According to the Ashton Manual it's likely a muscular issue involving tension/squeezing/pulling in some of the muscle groups in your head. (ws)
    • Heart Palpitations - Also known as PVCs. A feeling that your heart is beating too hard or too fast or irregularly, skipping beats, or fluttering.  Palpitations are a common withdrawal symptom. Although they are generally not serious or harmful, they can be bothersome or scary for some individuals. (ws)
    • Hold - An informal term for a period of time during which a person makes no change in their dosage. (j)
    • HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) - Treatment of menopausal symptoms with hormones.
    • Hyperacusis - Sound sensitivity where sounds at normal volume seem especially loud or distorted sometimes to the point of being painful.  (ws, tech)
    • Hyperbolic taper -  A tapering model in which the steps by which the dose is lowered are made smaller and smaller as the dose decreases. This model is essentially an exponential taper however the specific aim of this model is “a linear reduction of receptor occupancy to prevent withdrawal.”  Toward the end of a hyperbolic taper reductions are very small.   Regimens for each type of benzo have been developed but as of this date have not been published. (tech)
    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10185864/
    • https://benzobuddies.org/topic/271529-how-to-switch-to-hyperbolic-taper/?do=findComment&comment=3450760
    • Hypnic jerks —Also called sleep starts, these are sudden, involuntary muscle contractions you may experience as you are falling asleep. (ws, tech)

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    • IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome. A group of symptoms that occur together, including repeated pain in your abdomen and changes in your bowel movements, which may be diarrhea, constipation, or both. (ws, tech)
    • Insomnia - A sleep disorder where an individual may have trouble falling asleep and staying asleep, or may wake up too early and not be able to get back to sleep. (ws, tech)
    • Intrusive memories or thoughts -  Unwelcome involuntary memories, thoughts, images, or unpleasant ideas that may become obsessive. They are often upsetting or distressing, and can feel difficult to manage or eliminate. (ws, tech)
    • Interdose withdrawal - When withdrawal symptoms appear in between scheduled doses. These symptoms are at least partially relieved when the next scheduled dose is taken. Interdose withdrawal is more likely to occur with short acting benzos like alprazolam and lorazepam but can also occur with longer acting benzos.  Interdose withdrawal may be misidentified as a worsening anxiety disorder. (tech)
    • Irritability/Anger -  A common benzo withdrawal symptom,  being quick to anger or easily become annoyed.  Anger may be out of proportion to the situation.

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    • “Jelly Legs” - A feeling of weakness and unsteadiness in one's legs. (ws, j)
    • Jump - When you’ve taken the last dose of your medication.  “Jump dose” is usually close to zero mgs. (j)

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    • Kindling - After one or more reinstatements and withdrawals of a medication subsequent withdrawals can be more difficult. Withdrawal symptoms during subsequent withdrawals may be more severe than during the previous withdrawal.  A prevailing theory is that the nervous system has a memory of past withdrawal(s) and is sensitized so that subsequent withdrawals are more difficult. (tech) (BIC)

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    • Light sensitivity - All senses can be affected during withdrawal. When vision is affected individuals may experience lights (sunlight, car headlights, even computer monitors) as much brighter than usual. (ws, tech)
    • Linear Taper - A tapering model in which your dosage reduction is calculated based on a percentage of your original dose.  If you taper by making monthly percentage reductions based on your original dose, you are implementing a linear taper. For example, if your starting dose is 2mg you might reduce at a rate of 10% of the original dose every 2 weeks.   Each reduction you make would be .2 mg.  In this model reductions are a progressively larger proportion of the current dose you’re taking.  This method is harder on the nervous system than an exponential taper. As with all tapers, it is important that the individual be attuned to their symptoms, remain flexible and make adjustments to the size of reductions and/or taper rate as needed. (tech)
    • Long Hold - In a typical cut and hold taper, the duration of the hold is in the vicinity of 2-4 weeks. Occasionally, the severity of symptoms can increase to the point where a longer hold is necessary between cuts. Long holds typically last for months instead of weeks, and may last for over a year while an individual attempts to stabilize. (cs, j)
    • Looping thoughts -  Informal term for rumination, feeling stuck in a cycle of repetitive negative thoughts. (ws, j)

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    • Menstrual changes/difficulties - Women may experience PMS-like symptoms during withdrawal.  Withdrawal symptoms may be more severe during the menstrual cycle. PMS, menstrual cramps and breast tenderness may be more severe during withdrawal. An individual's menstrual cycle may also be altered during withdrawal.  (ws, tech)
    • Micro-Taper - A popular approach to benzodiazepine and anti-depressant tapering in which very small decreases in dosage are performed regularly (often daily). Micro-tapering may be performed by weighing out pieces of pills or by using a liquid solution or suspension. (tech)
    • Mindfulness - The quality of being present, aware of what you are thinking and feeling,  fully engaged with what you are doing in the moment, free from distraction and judgment, and not overly reactive or overwhelmed by what's going on around or within you. (cs, tech)
    • Morning Anxiety - Cortisol levels peak in the morning.  This is a normal part of waking.  In withdrawal, waking up with a surge of panic or anxiety is thought to be related to the sensitized nervous system overreacting to this normal rise in cortisol. (ws, tech))
    • Muscle Stiffness, Soreness and Tension - Muscles may feel very tight, stiff and painful. (ws, tech)
    • Myoclonic Jerks - Refers to sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. A hiccup is an example. The hypnic jerks or "sleep starts" that some people experience while drifting off to sleep are another example. (ws, tech)

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    • Nerve Pain - Also known as peripheral neuropathy, nerve pain may feel like a tingling/crawling sensation, numbness, or like pins/needles (sort of like when a limb 'falls asleep’). (ws, tech)
    • NP - Nurse practitioner. (ab)

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    • OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. (ab)
    • OCD-like symptoms - Symptoms which mimic those of OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder). This can occur in individuals who with no prior history of OCD. Symptoms include intrusive/looping thoughts, constant checking, an overwhelming attention to detail, fear of making errors or introducing contamination, hoarding, fear of anything new/different. Over time, these symptoms decrease. (ws, tech)
    • OTC - Over the counter. Medication that can be obtained without a prescription

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    • Palpitations - A feeling that your heart is pounding too hard,too fast or irregularly. While generally not serious or harmful, they can be bothersome or scary for some individuals. (ws, tech)
    • Panic Attack - A sudden, overwhelming surge of intense fear with no apparent trigger. Generally lasts between a few minute and 1 hour.  Symptoms may include a pounding heart, chest discomfort, sweating, shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness and a strong feeling of impending doom.  During withdrawal, panic attacks can suddenly strike individuals with no prior history of this symptom. (ws, tech)
    • Paranoia - Unjustified suspicion of others or unwarranted  or delusional belief that one is being persecuted, conspired against, or threatened. (ws, tech)
    • PAWS - Post-acute Withdrawal syndrome, also referred to as protracted withdrawal, occurs in patients who have withdrawn from benzodiazepines and remain with long-term withdrawal effects. PAWS is being replaced by BIND (Benzodiazepine Induced Neurological Dysfunction) as the preferred term. (tech) (BIC)
    • PCP - Primary Care Physician or Primary Care Provider. (ab)
    • pdoc - Psychiatrist, prescribing doctor
    • Placebo - A treatment that is designed to have no effect but which appears to be an authentic treatment.  (tech)
    • Placebo Effect - A beneficial effect, produced by a placebo drug or treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment. (tech)
    • PM - Personal message. (ab)
    • PMS - Premenstrual syndrome. (ab)
    • PTSD - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. (ab)
    • PTSD symptoms - During benzo withdrawal symptoms which mimic those of PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder). Symptoms include intrusive thoughts, emotional numbness, avoidance of people/places/activities, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, jumpiness, being quick to anger, a constant feeling of being on guard. (ws, tech)
    • prn - As needed - refers to a medication prescribed to be taken as needed. (ab, tech)
    • PVCs - Premature ventricular contractions. Extra heartbeats considered common and usually harmless. (ws, tech)

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    • Reinstatement - resuming a medication at original dosage. The decision to reinstate is most often due to severe withdrawal symptoms. (cs, tech)
    • Rescue Dose - Also known as a 'breakthrough dose'. A single significant increase in dosage intended to alleviate significant symptoms during taper or after completion of taper. Repeated rescue doses could amount to a reinstatement and/or possibly kindling, depending on the frequency. (cs, j)
    • Ruminating/rumination - The tendency to repeatedly think or dwell on negative feelings, and their causes. (ws, tech)

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    • Social anxiety - Feeling anxious or fearful in situations where a person may be scrutinized or judged by others. (ws, tech)
    • Stable/stabilized - During withdrawal “stable" means symptoms are no longer changing in number or intensity and are tolerable enough that you’re able to perform your daily tasks. Your symptoms have settled into a somewhat predictable routine. In this definition “stable” does not mean feeling good. (j)
    • Sticky - A pinned post containing important/helpful information at top of a forum page
    • Supplements - OTC products taken by some individuals in the belief the supplement(s) will aid in recovery from benzo withdrawal.  Includes vitamins, minerals, alternative remedies, oils, plant extracts. (tech)
    • Sweats/Night sweats - Night sweats and sweating more than one normally does are common during withdrawal. Night sweats are characterized by excessive sweating during sleep. (ws, j, tech)
    • Symptoms based taper - A taper in which you monitor your symptoms and how well you’re functioning, keeping a daily symptom journal, and using this information to make your decision about the timing and size of your next cut.

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    • Taper - A gradual reduction in the amount of a medication that an individual is taking.(tech)
    • Tare - To 'zero' a scale. Taring sets the readout of a typical milligram scale to 0.000. For example, one can place the weighing tray on the scale, tare it so that the weight reads 0.000, then add medication until the desired amount is obtained. (tech)
    • Tinnitus - Hearing sound when no external sound is present. It may sound like a ringing, clicking, hiss or roaring. Tinnitus is common during withdrawal. It usually fades over time, but may not fully resolve. Benzos are sometimes prescribed to treat chronic tinnitus. (ws, tech)
    • Titration - Titration is a method of tapering by making small reductions in dose with the goal of discontinuing the drug while minimizing withdrawal symptoms. Titration can be done with dry or liquid medication or a combination of the two. Some members make reductions on a daily basis; others make reductions every other day or every three days; still others make reductions every other week or every month. It takes some experimentation to find a taper schedule that works for your individual physiology given the pharmacokinetic properties of the specific benzodiazepine you are taking. (tech)
    • https://benzobuddies.org/topic/222731-titration-faqs/?do=findComment&comment=2936328
    • Tolerance - When an individual’s body adapts to a medication and has a diminished response it. The individual then requires a higher dose to reach the same effect. For some individuals tolerance can develop within a few weeks of starting the medication.  For others it can take considerably longer.
    • Tolerance Withdrawal - When an individual reaches tolerance and begins to experience withdrawal symptoms despite not reducing the dose.  The individual then needs to increase the dose in order to experience the same therapeutic effect. Tolerance withdrawal symptoms can be mistaken for a worsening of one’s underlying condition. (tech)
    • Toxic Nap - A brief sleep which ends abruptly with a sensation of panic or significant confusion. (ws, j)

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    • Updose - An increase in the amount of medication taken per dose. (cs, j)

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    • Vertigo - A condition where a person feels as if they or objects around them are moving or spinning when neither the person or objects are actually moving. Often associated with dizziness, and may be associated with nausea, sweating and difficulties walking.  (ws, tech)

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    • Wave - A period of increased or more severe withdrawal symptoms. (j)
    • Weakness - Lack of strength/vitality. Many individuals experience a phase during their withdrawal/recovery in which they feel as though they have much less strength/stamina than usual. The timing and duration varies from person to person, but usually resolves in time.  (ws)
    • Window - A period of decreased or less severe withdrawal symptoms. A window can last anywhere from an hour to days, weeks or months.(j)
    • Withdrawal -  Physical or mental symptoms that occur after discontinuing or decreasing the dosage of a drug on which one has developed dependence. (tech)

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    • Z-Drugs - A category of medications that are structurally distinct from benzodiazepenes, but have very similar modes of action. Examples include zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Stilnoct, Intermezzo, Stilnox); zopiclone (Imovane, Zimovane),zaleplon (Sonata) and eszopiclone (Lunesta). (tech)

     

    Sources:

    * https://www.easinganxiety.com/post/basics-of-bind

    * https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0285584

    NIH, NIH Library of Medicine

    DSM V

    Benzodiazepine Information Coalition

    Easinganxiety.com

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